PDF Links
PubReader
XML Download
Full text via DOI
Download Citation
 |
 |
| J Korean Med Assoc > Volume 52(10); 2009 > Article |
Abstract
Breast cancer has been the most common cancer among Korean women since 2001 and will continue to increase for the next 20 years, at the least. Many of the established risk factors are linked to the exposure to female hormones: breast cancer risk is increased by early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity and later first full-term pregnancy, and obesity in postmenopausal women. In addition, other established risk factors such as alcohol consumption and family history of breast cancer are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Physical activity, breast feeding, higher number of children, and fruit and vegetable consumption seem to reduce breast cancer risk. Smoking also probably increases the risk. Both oral contraceptives in premenopausal women and hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women may increase risk. Above-mentioned risk and protective factors were reported in Korean populations and the breast cancer risk by those factors is similar to that in western population. Currently, a study is being done in Korea to examine the associated risk, and population attributable risk of genetic variants in high penetrance genes including BRCA 1 and 2 and breast cancer risk among Koreans will be reported soon. Other studies conducted in Korea that investigated low penetrance genes have already been published. While the individual risk was small, there was an effect from interaction with environmental factors. Numerous Korean studies about these risk factors helped to establish a model to predict individual breast cancer risk that is utilized in the Personalized Preventive and Predictive medicine.
References
1. Won YJ, Sung J, Park S, Jung KW, Gong HJ. Nationwide cancer incidence in Korea, 2003-2005. Cancer Research and Treatment 2009;(in press).
2. Yoo KY, Kim Y, Park SK, Kang D. Lifestyle, genetic susceptibility and future trends of breast cancer in Korea. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006;7:679-682.
3. Yoo KY, Kang DH, Park SK, Kim SU, Shin AS, Yoon HC, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Choe KJ. Epidemiology of breast cancer in Korea. Occurrence, high risk groups, and prevention. J Korean Med Sci 2002;02. 17:1-6.
4. Yoo KY, Shin HR, Park SK, Yoon HC, Shin AS, Kang DH, Noh DY, Choe KJ. Is Breast Cancer Incidence Rate Further Increasing in Korea? Korean J Epidemiol 2001;12. 23:1-7.
5. Globalcan 2002 [internet] Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from:
http://www-dep.iarc.fr/
6. Park SK, Lim YK, Yoo KY. Prediction of future breast cancer mortality in Korea. Korean J Epidemiol 1998;20:267-274.
7. Lee JH, Yim SH, Won YJ, Jung KW, Son BH, Lee HD, Lee ES, Yoo KY, Ahn SH, Shin HR. Population-based breast cancer statistics in Korea during 1993-2002: incidence, mortality, and survival. J Korean Med Sci 2007;22:Suppl. 11-16.
8. Ko SS. Chronological changing patterns of clinical characteristics of Korean breast cancer patients during 10 years (1996-2006) using nationwide breast cancer registration online program: biannual update. J Surg Oncol 2008;98:318-323.
9. Bray F, McCarron P, Parkin DM. The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality. Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:229-239.
10. Pike MC, Pearce CL, Wu AH. prevention of cancers of the breast, endometrium and ovary. Oncogene 2004;23:6379-6391.
11. Kolonel LN, Altshuler D, Henderson BE. The multiethnic cohort study: exploring genes, lifestyle and cancer risk. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:519-527.
12. Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Towards an integrated model for breast cancer etiology: the life long interplay of genes, lifestyle, and hormones. Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:213-218.
13. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. NEJM 2003;348:1625-1638.
14. McTiernan A, Kooperberg C, White E, Wilcox S, Coates R, Adams-Campbell LL, Woods N, Ockene J. Women's Health Initiative Cohort Study Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Cohort Study. JAMA 2003;290:1331-1336.
15. Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE. No association among total dietary fiber, fiber fractions, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:1507-1508.
16. Kim Y, Choi JY, Lee KM, Park SK, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Hong YC, Kang D, Yoo KY. Dose-dependent protective effect of breast-feeding against breast cancer among ever-lactated women in Korea. Eur J Cancer Prev 2007;16:124-129.
17. Lee SY, Kim MT, Kim SW, Song MS, Yoon SJ. Effect of lifetime lactation on breast cancer risk: a Korean women's cohort study. Int J Cancer 2003;105:339-393.
18. Suh JS, Yoo KY, Kwon OJ, Yun IJ, Han SH, Noh DY, Choe KJ. Menstrual and reproductive factors related to the risk of breast cancer in Korea. Ovarian hormone effect on breast cancer. J Korean Med Sci 1996;11:501-508.
19. Choi JY, Lee KM, Park SK, NohDY , Ahn SH, Yoo KY, Kang D. Association of paternal age at birth and the risk of breast cancer in offspring: a case control study. BMC Cancer 2005;5:143.
20. Park SK, Kang D, Noh DY, Lee KM, Kim SU, Choi JY, Choi IM, Ahn SH, Choe KJ, Hirvonen A, Strickland PT, Yoo KY. Reproductive factors, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003;78:89-96.
21. Kang DH, Yoo KY, Park SK, Koo HW, Suh JS, Kim YC, Noh DY, Choe KJ. Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Breast Cancer in Korea. Korean J Epidemiol 1998;20:60-69.
22. Jee SH, Yun JE, Park EJ, Cho ER, Park IS, Sul JW, Ohrr H, Samet JM. Body mass index and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Int J Cancer 2008;123:1892-1896.
23. Kim MK, Kim JY, Gong GY, Ahn SH. Effect of p53 and p16 protein expression in relation to body mass index for breast cancer risk. J Korean Cancer Assoc 2001;34:205-211.
24. Park SK, Yoo KY, Kang DH, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Choe KJ. The Estimation of Disease-Probability for Breast Cancer by Difference of Individual susceptibility. Cancer Treatment and Research 2003;35:35-51.
25. Song YM, Sung J, Ha M. Obesity and risk of cancer in postmenopausal Korean women. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3395-3402.
26. Kim EK, Kim KS, Park SK, Ahn SH, Lee MH, Kim SW. Korean Breast Cancer Society. The Korean Hereditary Breast Cancer (KOHBRA) Study: Protocol Review. J Breast Cancer 2007;12. 10:241-247.
27. Hong SA, Kim K, Nam SJ, Kong G, Kim MK. A case-control study on the dietary intake of mushrooms and breast cancer risk among Korean women. Int J Cancer 2008;122:919-923.
28. Kim Y, Park SK, Han W, Kim DH, Hong YC, Ha EH, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Kang D, Yoo KY. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and breast cancer risk by menopausal status, body mass index, and hormonal receptor in Korea. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:508-515.
29. Do MH, Lee SS, Jung PJ, Lee MH. Intake of fruits, vegetables, and soy foods in relation to breast cancer risk in Korean women: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer 2007;57:20-27.
30. Park SK, Garcia-Closas M, Lissowska J, Sherman ME, McGlynn KA, Peplonska B, Bardin-Mikolajczak A, Zatonski W, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Brinton LA. Intrauterine Environment and Breast Cancer Risk in a Population-Based Case-Control Study in Poland. IJC 2006;119:2136-2141.
31. Park SK, Kang DH, McGlynn KA, Garcia-Closas M, Yeonju Kim, Keun-Young Yoo, Brinton Louise A. Intrauterine environments and breast cancer risk: Meta-analysis and systematic review. Breast Cancer Res 2008;10:R8. [Epub 2008 Jan 21].
32. dos Santos Silva I, De Stavola B, McCormack V. Collaborative Group on Pre-natal Risk Factors and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer. Birth Size and Breast Cancer Risk: Re-analysis of Individual Participant Data from 32 Studies. PLoS Med 2008;5:e193.
33. Lie JA, Kjaerheim K, Tynes T. Ionizing radiation exposure and cancer risk among Norwegian nurses. Eur J Cancer Prev 2008;17:369-375.
34. Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, Funamoto S, Nishi N, Soda M, Mabuchi K, Kodama K. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958-1998. Radiat 2007;168:1-64.
35. Cuzick J, Otto F, Baron JA, Brown PH, Burn J, Greenwald P, Jankowski J, La Vecchia C, Meyskens F, Senn HJ, Thun M. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cancer prevention: an international consensus statement. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:501-507.
36. Eliassen AH, Chen WY, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE. Use of aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and acetaminophen and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women in the Nurse's Health Study II. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:115-121.
37. Zhao YS, Zhu S, Li XW, Wang F, Hu FL, Li DD, Zhang WC, Li X. Association between NSAIDs use and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009;117:141-150.
38. Yearbook of health and welfare statistics 2007;Gwacheon: Ministry of Heath and Welfare.
39. Tokunaga M, Land CE, Yamamoto T, Asano M, Tokuoka S, Ezaki H, Nishimori I. Incidence of female breast cancer among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-1980. Radiat Res 1987;112:243-272.
40. Baik I, Becker PS, DeVito WJ, Lagiou P, Ballen K, Quesenberry PJ, Hsieh CC. Stem cells and prenatal origin of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2004;15:517-530.
41. Baik I, Devito WJ, Ballen K, Becker PS, Okulicz W, Liu Q, Delpapa E, Lagiou P, Sturgeon S, Trichopoulos D, Quesenberry PJ, Hsieh CC. Association of fetal hormone levels with stem cell potential: evidence for early life roots of human cancer. Cancer Res 2005;65:358-563.
42. Park SK, Yoo KY, Lee SJ, Kim SU, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Choe KJ, Stricklandd PT, Hirvonene A, Kang DH. Alcohol consumption, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Pharmacogenetics 2000;10:301-309.
43. Kim SU, Lee KM, Park SK, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Choe KJ, Ahn SH, Hirvonen A, Kang DH. Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase P1 and breast cancer risk. J Biochem Mol Biol 2004;37:582-585.
44. Lee KM, Park SK, Kim SU, Doll MA, Yoo KY, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Hirvonen A, Hein DW, Kang D. N-Acetyltransferase (NAT1, NAT2) and glutathioneS-transferase (GSTM1,GSTT1) polymorphisms in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2003;196:179-186.
45. Choi JY, Abel J, Neuhaus T, Ko Y, Harth V, Hamajima N, Tajima K, Yoo KY, Park SK, Noh DY, Han WS, CHoe KJ, Ahn SH, Kim SU, Hirvonen A, Kang DH. XRCC1 genetic polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Pharmacogenetics 2003;1:67-72.
46. Shin A, Kang D, Nishio H, Lee MJ, Park SK, Kim SU, Noh DY, Choe KJ, Ahn SH, Hirvonen A, Kim JH, Yoo KY. Estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003;80:127-131.
47. Yim DS, Park SK, Yoo KY, Yoon KS, Chung HH, Ahn SH, Noh DY, Choe KJ, Jang IJ, Shin SG, Strickland PT, Hirvonen A, Kang DH. Relationship between the Val158Met polymorphism of catechol O-methyl transferase and breast cancer. Pharmacogenetics 2001;11:279-286.
48. Lee KM, Park SK, Hamajima N, Tajima K, Yoo KY, Shin A, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Hirvonen A, Kang D. Genetic polymorphisms of TGF-beta1 & TNF-beta and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005;90:149-155.
49. Lee KM, Park SK, Hamajima N, Tajima K, Yoo KY, Shin A, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Hirvonen A, Kang D. Genetic Polymorphisms of IL-1 & IL-1RN and Breast Cancer Risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006;96:197-202.
50. Shin MH, Lee KM, Yang JH, Nam SJ, Kim JW, Yoo KY, Park SK, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Kim B, Kang D. Genetic polymorphism of CYP17 and breast cancer risk in Korean women. Exp Mol Med 2005;37:11-17.
51. Park SK, Yim DS, Yoon KS, Choi IM, Choi JY, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Choe KJ, Ahn SH, Hirvonen A, Kang D. Combined effect of GSTM1, GSTT1, and COMT genotypes in individual breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004;88:55-62.
52. Han S, Lee KM, Choi JY, Park SK, Lee JY, Lee JE, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Han W, Kim DH, Hong YC, Ha E, Yoo KY, Kang D. CASP8 polymorphisms, estrogen and progesterone receptor status and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Tr 2008;110:387-393.
53. Kang HJ, Kim SW, Ahn SJ, Bae JY, Park SK, Kang D, Hirvonen A, Choe KJ, Noh DY. Polymorphisms in the estrogen receptoralpha gene and breast cancer risk. Cancer Letters 2002;178:175-180.
54. Lee SA, Lee KM, Park SK, Choi JY, Kim B, Nam J, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Kang D. Genetic polymorphism of XRCC3 Thr(241)Met and breast cancer risk: case-control study in Korean women and meta-analysis of 12 studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007;103:71-76.
55. Kim SU, Park SK, Yoo KY, Yoon KS, Choi JY, Seo JS, Park WY, Kim JH, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Choe KJ, Strickland PT, Hirvonen A, Kang D. XRCC1 genetic polymorphism and breast cancer risk. Pharmacogenetics 2002;12:335-338.
56. Lee JY, Park AK, Lee KM, Park SK, Han S, Han W, Noh DY, Yoo KY, Kim H, Welch R, Chanock SJ, Rothman N, Kang D. Candidate gene approach evaluates association between innate immunity genes and breast cancer risk in Korean women. Carcinogenesis 2009;04.
57. Chang MC. Estimation of Individualized Probabilities of Developing Breast Cancer for Korean Women 2007;Seoul National University College of Medicine. Doctoral Thesis.
58. Ross JS. Multigene classifiers, prognostic factors, and predictors of breast cancer clinical outcome. Adv Anat Pathol 2009;16:204-215.
- TOOLS
-
- Share :
-
-
METRICS
-
Related articles in
J Korean Med Assoc -
Disease burden and epidemiologic characteristics of injury in Korea2022 October;65(10)
Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus in Korea2022 October;65(10)
Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of colorectal cancer2022 September;65(9)
Current status of the gastric cancer screening program in Korea2022 May;65(5)
Biologic therapies for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis2021 February;64(2)
- Editorial Office
-
37 Ichon-ro 46-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul
Tel: +82-2-6350-6562 Fax: +82-2-792-5208 E-mail: jkmamaster@gmail.com
Copyright © 2024 by Korean Medical Association.
