1. Schneck FX, Bellinger MF. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, editor. Abnormalities of the testes and scrotum and their surgical management. Campbell-Walsh urology 2007;9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 3761-3798.
2. Scorer CG. The descent of the testis. Arch Dis Child 1964;39:605-609.
3. John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism Study Group. Cryptorchidism: a prospective study of 7500 consecutive male births, 1984-8. Arch Dis Child 1992;67:892-899.
4. Khuri FJ, Hardy BE, Churchill BM. Urologic anomalies associated with hypospadias. Urol Clin North Am 1981;8:565-571.
5. Jones ME, Swerdlow AJ, Griffith M, Goldacre MJ. Prenatal risk factors for cryptorchidism: a record linkage study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1998;12:383-396.
6. Elert A, Jahn K, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R. The familiar undescended testis. Klin Padiatr 2003;215:40-45.
7. Hadziselimovic F, Thommen L, Girarad J, Herzog B. The significance of postnatal gonadotropin surge for testicular development in normal and cryptorchid testes. J Urol 1986;136:274-276.
8. Park JW, Kim KS. Incidence, risk factors and spontaneous descent of cryptorchidism. Korean J Urol 2003;44:1203-1207.
9. Wenzler DL, Bloom DA, Park JM. What is the rate of spontaneous testicular descent in infants with cryptorchidism? J Urol 2004;171:849-851.
10. Kaplan GW. Nomenclature of cryptorchidism. Eur J Pediatr 1993;152:17-19.
11. Barthold JS, Gonzalez R. The epidemiology of congenital cryptorchidism, testicular ascent and orchiopexy. J Urol 2003;170:2396-2401.
12. Kolon TF, Patel RP, Huff DS. Cryptorchidism: diagnosis, treatment, and long-term prognosis. Urol Clin North Am 2004;31:469-480.
13. Hrebinko RL, Bellinger MF. The limited role of imaging techniques in managing children with undescended testes. J Urol 1993;150:458-460.
14. Ryu DS, Lee SW, Kim KS, Chang HS. Task force team result presentation: cryptorchidism/undescended testis. Korean Soc Ped Urol 2008;75-83.
15. Snodgrass WT, Yucel S, Ziada A. Scrotal exploration for unilateral nonpalpable testis. J Urol 2007;178:1718-1721.
16. Ryu DS, Kim GH, Kim KS. A case of bilateral vanishing testes syndrome. Korean J Urol 1993;34:733-736.
17. Chilvers C, Dudley NE, Gough MH, Jackson MB, Pike MC. Undescended testis: the effect of treatment and subsequent risk of subfertility and malignancy. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:691-696.
18. Walsh TW, Dall'Era MA, Croughan MS, Carroll PR, Turek PJ. Prepubertal orchiopexy for cryptorchidism may be associated with lower risk of testicular cancer. J Urol 2007;178:1440-1446.
19. Pettersson A, Richiardi L, Nordenskjold A, Kaijser M, Akre O. Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular cancer. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1835-1841.
20. Han SW, Lee T, Kim JH, Choi SK, Cho NH, Han JY. Pathological difference between retractile and cryptorchid testes. J Urol 1999;162:878-880.
21. Kim TK, Lee SD, Cho BM, Kim SY, Kim JS. Report on the patient parents' understanding and the pediatricians' understanding of cryptorchidism: the optimal time for surgical correction. Korean J Urol 2005;46:1290-1301.
22. Capello SA, Giorgi LJ Jr, Kogan BA. Orchiopexy practice patterns in New York State from 1984 to 2002. J Urol 2006;176:1180-1183.
23. Caruso AP, Walsh RA, Wolach JW, Koyle MA. Single scrotal incision orchiopexy for the palpable undescended testicle. J Urol 2000;164:156-159.
24. Docimo SG. The results of surgical therapy for cryptorchidism: a literature review and analysis. J Urol 1995;154:1148-1152.
25. Rajfer J, Walsh PC. Hormonal regulation of testicular descent: experimental and clinical observations. J Urol 1977;118:985-990.
26. Pyörälää S, Huttunen NP, Uhari M. A review and meta-analysis of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2795-2799.
27. Rajfer J, Handelsman DJ, Swerdloff RS, Hurwitz R, Kaplan H, Vandergast T, Ehrlich RM. Hormonal therapy of cryptorchidism. A randomized, double-blind study comparing human chorionic gonadotropin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 1986;314:466-470.