3. Bondar K, Nguyen A, Vatani J, Kessler J. The demographics and epidemiology of infantile, juvenile, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in a Southern California integrated health care system. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021;46:1468-1477.
5. Konieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R. Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Child Orthop 2013;7:3-9.
9. Smith JS, Abel MF, Shaffrey CI, Ames CP. Decision making in pediatric spinal deformity. Neurosurgery 2008;63((3 Suppl):54-68.
10. Lonstein JE. Scoliosis: surgical versus nonsurgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;443:248-259.
12. Miller NH. Cause and natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am 1999;30:343-352.
13. Goldberg MS, Mayo NE, Poitras B, Scott S, Hanley J. The SteJustine Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis cohort study. Part I: description of the study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994;19:1551-1561.
14. Burton MS. Diagnosis and treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Pediatr Ann 2013;42:224-228.
15. Ramirez N, Johnston CE, Browne RH. The prevalence of back pain in children who have idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79:364-368.
16. Ramirez N, Olivella G, Cuneo A, Carrazana L, Ramirez N, Iriarte I. Prevalence and clinical relevance of underlying pathological conditions in painful adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a MRI-based study. Spine Deform 2020;8:663-668.
18. Kobayashi K, Ando K, Nakashima H, Machino M, Morozumi M, Kanbara S, Ito S, Inoue T, Yamaguchi H, Mishima K, Ishiguro N, Imagama S. Scoliosis caused by limb-length discrepancy in children. Asian Spine J 2020;14:801-807.
19. Labrom FR, Izatt MT, Claus AP, Little JP. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis 3D vertebral morphology, progression and nomenclature: a current concepts review. Eur Spine J 2021;30:1823-1834.
20. Reamy BV, Slakey JB. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: review and current concepts. Am Fam Physician 2001;64:111-116.
22. Weinstein SL. The natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 2019;39((6 Suppl 1):S44-S46.
23. Weinstein SL. Natural history. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1999;24:2592-2600.
24. Bunnell WP. The natural history of idiopathic scoliosis before skeletal maturity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1986;11:773-776.
25. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, Peterson KK, Spoonamore MJ, Ponseti IV. Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study. JAMA 2003;289:559-567.
26. Lee CF, Fong DY, Cheung KM, Cheng JC, Ng BK, Lam TP, Yip PS, Luk KD. A new risk classification rule for curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine J 2012;12:989-995.
27. Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet 2008;371:1527-1537.
28. Steinmetz M, Berven SH, Benzel EC. Benzel’s spine surgery : techniques, complication avoidance and management. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elevier; 2021.
29. Tanner JM, Davies PS. Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children. J Pediatr 1985;107:317-329.
31. Risser JC, Norquist DM, Cockrell BR Jr, Tateiwa M, Hoppenfeld S. The effect of posterior spine fusion on the growing spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1966;46:127-139.
32. Sanders JO. Maturity indicators in spinal deformity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89 Suppl 1:14-20.
33. Kahanovitz N, Weiser S. The psychological impact of idiopathic scoliosis on the adolescent female. A preliminary multi-center study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1989;14:483-485.
34. Sanders AE, Andras LM, Iantorno SE, Hamilton A, Choi PD, Skaggs DL. Clinically significant psychological and emotional distress in 32% of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Spine Deform 2018;6:435-440.
36. Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, Czaprowski D, Schreiber S, de Mauroy JC, Diers H, Grivas TB, Knott P, Kotwicki T, Lebel A, Marti C, Maruyama T, O’Brien J, Price N, Parent E, Rigo M, Romano M, Stikeleather L, Wynne J, Zaina F. 2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth. Scoliosis Spinal Disord 2018;13:3.
38. Park JH, Jeon HS, Park HW. Effects of the Schroth exercise on idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018;54:440-449.
41. Bidari S, Kamyab M, Ghandhari H, Komeili A. Efficacy of computer-aided design and manufacturing versus computeraided design and finite element modeling technologies in brace management of idiopathic scoliosis: a narrative review. Asian Spine J 2021;15:271-282.
43. Thompson RM, Hubbard EW, Jo CH, Virostek D, Karol LA. Brace success is related to curve type in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017;99:923-928.
44. Moradi V, Babaee T, Shariat A, Khosravi M, Saeedi M, ParentNichols J, Cleland JA. Predictive factors for outcomes of overcorrection nighttime bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review. Asian Spine J 2021;Jul. 26. [Epub].
https://doi.org/10.31616/asj.2021.0037
45. Sun X, Ding Q, Sha S, Mao S, Zhu F, Zhu Z, Qian B, Wang B, Cheng JC, Qiu Y. Rib-vertebral angle measurements predict brace treatment outcome in Risser grade 0 and premenarchal girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J 2016;25:3088-3094.