1. Bernstein AJ, Peters KM. Expanding indications for neuromodulation. Urol Clin North Am 2005;32:59-63.
2. Aboseif S, Tamaddon K, Chalfin S, Freedman S, Kaptein J. Sacral neuromodulation as an effective treatment for refractory pelvic floor dysfunction. Urology 2002;60:52-56.
3. Groen J, Bosch JL. Neuromodulation techniques in the treatment of the overactive bladder. BJU Int 2001;87:723-731.
4. de Groat WC. A neurologic basis for the overactive bladder. Urology 1997;50:6S. 36-52.
5. de Groat WC, Araki I, Vizzard MA, Yoshiyama M, Yoshimura N, Sugaya K, Tai C, Roppolo JR. Developmental and injury induced plasticity in the micturition reflex pathway. Behav Brain Res 1998;92:127-140.
6. de Groat WC, Ryall RW. The identification and characteristics of sacral parasympathetic preganglionic neurones. J Physiol 1968;196:563-577.
7. de Groat WC. Nervous control of the urinary bladder of the cat. Brain Res 1975;87:201-211.
8. Leng WW, Chancellor MB. How sacral nerve stimulation neuromodulation works. Urol Clin North Am 2005;32:11-18.
9. Kruse MN, Noto H, Roppolo JR, de Groat WC. Pontine control of the urinary bladder and external urethral sphincter in the rat. Brain Res 1990;532:182-190.
10. de Groat WC, Theobald RJ. Reflex activation of sympathetic pathways to vesical smooth muscle and parasympathetic ganglia by electrical stimulation of vesical afferents. J Physiol 1976;259:223-237.
11. Yoshimura N, de Groat WC. Neural control of the lower urinary tract. Int J Urol 1997;4:111-125.
12. Schmidt RA, Jonas U, Oleson KA, Janknegt RA, Hassouna MM, Siegel SW, van Kerrebroeck PE. Sacral Nerve Stimulation Study Group. Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of refractory urinary urge incontinence. J Urol 1999;162:352-357.
13. Hassouna MM, Siegel SW, Nyeholt AA, Elhilali MM, van Kerrebroeck PE, Das AK, Gajewski JB, Janknegt RA, Rivas DA, Dijkema H, Milam DF, Oleson KA, Schmidt RA. Sacral neuromodulation in the treatment of urgency-frequency symptoms: a multicenter study on efficacy and safety. J Urol 2000;163:1849-1854.
14. Jonas U, Fowler CJ, Chancellor MB, Elhilali MM, Fall M, Gajewski JB, Grunewald V, Hassouna MM, Hombergh U, Janknegt R, van Kerrebroeck PE, Lylcklama a nijeholt AA, Siegel SW, Schmidt RA. Efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation for urinary retention: results 18 months after implantation. J Urol 2001;165:15-19.
15. Siegel SW, Catanzaro F, Dijkema HE, Elhilali MM, Fowler CJ, Gajewski JB, Hassouna MM, Janknegt RA, Jonas U, van Kerrebroeck PE, Lycklama a Nijeholt AA, Oleson KA, Schmidt RA. Long-term results of a multicenter study on sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of urinary urge incontinence, urgency-frequency, and retention. Urology 2000;56:6S. 87-91.
16. Pettit PD, Thompson JR, Chen AH. Sacral neuromodulation: new applications in the treatment of female pelvic floor dysfunction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002;14:521-525.
17. Spinelli M, Bertapelle P, Cappellano F, Zanollo A, Carone R, Catanzaro F, Giardiello G, De Seta F. Gins Group. Chronic sacral neuromodulation in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms: results from a national register. J Urol 2001;166:541-545.
18. Hedlund H, Schultz A, Talseth T, Tonseth K, van der Hagen A. Sacral neuromodulation in Norway: clinical experience of the first three years. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 2002;210:87-95.
19. Siegel SW. Management of voiding dysfunction with an implantable neuroprosthesis. Urol Clin North Am 1992;19:163-170.
20. Janknegt RA, Weil EH, Eerdmans PH. Improving neuromodulation technique for refractory voiding dysfunctions: two-stage implant. Urology 1997;49:358-362.
21. Chai TC, Mamo GJ. Modified techniques of S3 foramen localization and lead implantation in S3 neuromodulation. Urology 2001;58:786-790.
22. Spinelli M, Giardiello G, Arduini A, van den Hombergh U. New percutaneous technique of sacral nerve stimulation has high initial success rate: preliminary results. Eur Urol 2003;43:70-74.
23. Spinelli M, Giardiello G, Gerber M, Arduini A, van den Hombergh U, Malaguti S. New sacral neuromodulation lead for percutaneous implantation using local anesthesia: description and first experience. J Urol 2003;170:1905-1907.