6. Monfort A, Soriano-Navarro M, García-Verdugo JM, Izeta A. Production of human tissue-engineered skin trilayer on a plasma-based hypodermis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013;7:479–490.
10. Dragicevic N, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration enhancers chemical methods in penetration enhancement: drug manipulation strategies and vehicle effects. Springer; 2015.
14. Hussain SH, Limthongkul B, Humphreys TR. The biomechanical properties of the skin. Dermatol Surg 2013;39:193–203.
16. Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, et al. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134:1527–1534.
17. Singhvi G, Manchanda P, Krishna Rapalli V, Kumar Dubey S, Gupta G, Dua K. MicroRNAs as biological regulators in skin disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;108:996–1004.
19. Young A, McNaught CE. The physiology of wound healing. Surgery (Oxford) 2011;29:475–479.
22. Denton CP, Khanna D. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet 2017;390:1685–1699.
23. Abraham DJ, Varga J. Scleroderma: from cell and molecular mechanisms to disease models. Trends Immunol 2005;26:587–595.
27. Ponec M, Weerheim A, Lankhorst P, Wertz P. New acylceramide in native and reconstructed epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:581–588.
28. Mildner M, Ballaun C, Stichenwirth M, et al. Gene silencing in a human organotypic skin model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;348:76–82.
29. van de Kerkhof EG, de Graaf IA, Groothuis GM. In vitro methods to study intestinal drug metabolism. Curr Drug Metab 2007;8:658–675.
30. Baron JM, Merk HF. Drug metabolism in the skin. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;1:287–291.
31. Fan PW, Zhang D, Halladay JS, Driscoll JP, Khojasteh SC. Going beyond common drug metabolizing enzymes: case studies of biotransformation involving aldehyde oxidase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, cathepsin B, flavin-containing monooxygenase, and ADP-ribosyltransferase. Drug Metab Dispos 2016;44:1253–1261.
32. Jancova P, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E. Phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2010;154:103–116.
33. Kazem S, Linssen EC, Gibbs S. Skin metabolism phase I and phase II enzymes in native and reconstructed human skin: a short review. Drug Discov Today 2019;24:1899–1910.
36. Manevski N, Balavenkatraman KK, Bertschi B, et al. Aldehyde oxidase activity in fresh human skin. Drug Metab Dispos 2014;42:2049–2057.
38. Luu-The V, Duche D, Ferraris C, Meunier JR, Leclaire J, Labrie F. Expression profiles of phases 1 and 2 metabolizing enzymes in human skin and the reconstructed skin models Episkin and full thickness model from Episkin. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009;116:178–186.
39. Gibbs S, van de Sandt JJ, Merk HF, Lockley DJ, Pendlington RU, Pease CK. Xenobiotic metabolism in human skin and 3D human skin reconstructs: a review. Curr Drug Metab 2007;8:758–772.
40. Smith CK, Moore CA, Elahi EN, Smart AT, Hotchkiss SA. Human skin absorption and metabolism of the contact allergens, cinnamic aldehyde, and cinnamic alcohol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000;168:189–199.
42. Buckman SY, Gresham A, Hale P, et al. COX-2 expression is induced by UVB exposure in human skin: implications for the development of skin cancer. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:723–729.
44. Götz C, Pfeiffer R, Tigges J, et al. Xenobiotic metabolism capacities of human skin in comparison with a 3D-epidermis model and keratinocyte-based cell culture as in vitro alternatives for chemical testing: phase II enzymes. Exp Dermatol 2012;21:364–369.
45. Spriggs S, Cubberley R, Loadman P, Sheffield D, Wierzbicki A. A study of inter-individual variability in the Phase II metabolism of xenobiotics in human skin. Toxicol Lett 2018;292:63–72.
46. Villalba R, Benitez J, No-Lowis ED, Rioja LF, Gómez-Villagrán JL. Cryopreservation of human skin with propane-1,2-diol. Cryobiology 1996;33:525–529.
48. Hinz B, Gabbiani G. Cell-matrix and cell-cell contacts of myofibroblasts: role in connective tissue remodeling. Thromb Haemost 2003;90:993–1002.
49. Dellambra E, Odorisio T, D'Arcangelo D, Failla CM, Facchiano A. Non-animal models in dermatological research. ALTEX 2019;36:177–202.
50. Böttcher-Haberzeth S, Biedermann T, Reichmann E. Tissue engineering of skin. Burns 2010;36:450–460.
54. Cho SW, Malick H, Kim SJ, Grattoni A. Advances in skin-on-a-chip technologies for dermatological disease modeling. J Invest Dermatol 2024;144:1707–1715.
56. Sriram G, Alberti M, Dancik Y, et al. Full-thickness human skin-on-chip with enhanced epidermal morphogenesis and barrier function. Mater Today 2018;21:326–340.
59. Ataç B, Wagner I, Horland R, et al. Skin and hair on-a-chip: in vitro skin models versus ex vivo tissue maintenance with dynamic perfusion. Lab Chip 2013;13:3555–3561.
62. Ramadan Q, Ting FC. In vitro micro-physiological immune-competent model of the human skin. Lab Chip 2016;16:1899–1908.
64. Mori N, Morimoto Y, Takeuchi S. Skin integrated with perfusable vascular channels on a chip. Biomaterials 2017;116:48–56.
66. Rimal R, Marquardt Y, Nevolianis T, et al. Dynamic flow enables long‐term maintenance of 3‐D vascularized human skin models. Appl Mater Today 2021;25:101213.
69. Guttman-Yassky E, Krueger JG. Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: two different immune diseases or one spectrum? Curr Opin Immunol 2017;48:68–73.
70. Salgado G, Ng YZ, Koh LF, Goh CS, Common JE. Human reconstructed skin xenografts on mice to model skin physiology. Differentiation 2017;98:14–24.
72. Lim HY, Kim J, Song HJ, et al. Development of wrinkled skin-on-a-chip (WSOC) by cyclic uniaxial stretching. J Ind Eng Chem 2018;68:238–245.
74. Chang JW. Acral melanoma: a unique disease in Asia. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:1272–1273.
75. Jung HJ, Kweon SS, Lee JB, Lee SC, Yun SJ. A clinicopathologic analysis of 177 acral melanomas in Koreans: relevance of spreading pattern and physical stress. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:1281–1288.
79. Maschmeyer I, Lorenz AK, Schimek K, et al. A four-organ-chip for interconnected long-term co-culture of human intestine, liver, skin and kidney equivalents. Lab Chip 2015;15:2688–2699.
80. Ganzerla MD, Indolfo NC, Oliveira LC, et al. Unveiling the intricacies of BPA and BPS: comprehensive insights into its toxic effects using a cutting-edge microphysiological system. Toxicol In Vitro 2024;98:105849.