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| J Korean Med Assoc > Volume 68(12); 2025 > Article |
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Funding
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (RS-2023-00220894), a Korea Health Technology R&D Project Grant (RS-2024-00344521; HU22C0018) through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI) and Korea Dementia Research Center (KDRC), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare and Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea, and grants from Korea University (K2123751, K2125871).
| Recommended indications for medication use | Cautionary considerations |
|---|---|
| Clinical diagnosis of MCI due to AD and mild AD dementia [52,53] | (Contraindication) Severe hypersensitivity to lecanemab |
| CDR 0.5–1 to define MCI and mild AD dementia | |
| Positive amyloid PET or CSF studies indicative of AD | (Contraindication) Inability to undergo MRI |
| Physician judgement used for patients outside the 50–90 year age range | Significant cognitive impairment caused by medical, neurological, or psychiatric conditions other than AD |
| MMSE score of 22–30 or a corresponding score on tests indicating early ADa) | Any of the following findings present on brain MRI: |
| • More than 4 microhemorrhages (defined as 10 mm or less at the greatest diameter) | |
| • A single macrohemorrhage >10 mm at greatest diameter | |
| • An area of superficial siderosis | |
| • Evidence of vasogenic edema | |
| • More than 2 lacunar infarcts or stroke involving a major vascular territory | |
| • Severe subcortical hyperintensities consistent with a Fazekas score of 3 | |
| • Evidence of ABRA or CAA-ri | |
| • Other major intracranial pathology that may cause cognitive impairment | |
| Physician judgement used for patients at the extremes of BMI (less than 17 and greater than 35) | MRI evidence of non-AD dementia |
| Other Alzheimer’s disease treatments approved in Korea (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine) can be used concurrently. | Recent history (within 12 months) of stroke or TIA or any history of seizures |
| Patients may be on standard of care for other medical illnesses (see right column for precautions regarding anticoagulation). | Mental illness (e.g., psychosis) interfering with comprehension of the requirements, potential benefit, and potential harms of treatment and are considered by the physician to render the patient unable to comply with management requirements |
| It Is recommended that a caregiver be available to provide support during the lecanemab treatment period. | Major depression interfering with comprehension of the requirements, potential benefit, and potential harms of treatment; patients for whom disclosure of a positive biomarker may trigger suicidal ideation. Patients with less severe depression or whose depression resolves may be treatment candidates. |
| Patients and caregivers should have a clear understanding of the requirements for lecanemab treatment, as well as the associated benefits and risks. | Immune diseases (e.g., lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease) or use of systemic immunosuppressants, immunoglobulins, or monoclonal antibody treatments |
| Patients with a bleeding disorder that is not under adequate control (including a platelet count <50,000 or INR >1.5 for participants who are not on anticoagulant) | |
| Patients taking anticoagulants (such as warfarin, heparin, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and other new oral anticoagulants). | |
| For patients currently receiving lecanemab, the administration of tPA, heparin, or anticoagulants should be determined by weighing the benefits and risks associated with their use | |
| Unstable medical conditions that may affect or be affected by lecanemab therapy |
Source: modified from Park KH et al. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2024;23:165–187 under the Creative Commons license [14].
MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; CDR, clinical dementia rating; PET, positron emission tomography; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MMSE, mini-mental status examination; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; ABRA, amyloid beta related angiitis; CAA-ri, cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation; BMI, body mass index; TIA, transient ischemic attacks; INR, international normalized ratio; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator.
Source: adapted from Park KH et al. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2024;23:165–187 under the Creative Commons license [14]. Modified from Rabinovici GD et al. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2025;12:100150, according to the Creative Commons license [17].
CTCAE, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services); NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
Source: adapted from Park KH et al. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2024;23:165–187 under the Creative Commons license [14]. Modified from Rabinovici GD et al. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2025;12:100150 under the Creative Commons license [17].
ARIA, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities; ARIA-E, ARIA edema/effusion; FLAIR, fluid attenuated inversion recovery; ARIA-H, ARIA hemosiderin/hemorrhage.
| Severity of clinical symptoms | ARIA-E severity on MRI | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
| Asymptomatic | May continue dosing | Suspend dosinga) | Suspend dosinga) |
| Mild | May continue dosing based on clinical judgement | Suspend dosinga) | Suspend dosinga) |
| Moderate to severe | Suspend dosinga) | Suspend dosinga) | Suspend dosinga) |
Source: adapted from Park KH et al. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2024;23:165–187 under the Creative Commons license [14].
ARIA-E, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities edema/effusion; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
| Severity of clinical symptoms | ARIA-H severity on MRI | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
| Asymptomatic | May continue dosing | Suspend dosinga) | Suspend dosingb) |
| Symptomatic | Suspend dosinga) | Suspend dosingb) | Suspend dosingb) |
Source: adapted from Park KH et al. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2024;23:165–187 under the Creative Commons license [14].
ARIA-H, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities hemosiderin/hemorrhage; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
a) Suspend until MRI demonstrates radiographic stabilizationc) and symptoms, if present, resolve; resumption of dosing should be guided by clinical judgement; consider a follow-up MRI to assess for stabilization 2 to 4 months after initial identification.
| Recommended indications for medication use | Cautionary considerations |
|---|---|
| Clinical diagnosis of MCI due to AD and mild AD dementia [52,53] | (Contraindication) Cases of severe hypersensitivity to donanemab |
| Positive amyloid PET or CSF studies indicative of AD | (Contraindication) Patients unable to undergo MRI |
| Physician judgement used for patients outside the 60–90 year age range 85 year age range | In cases where significant cognitive impairment is caused by medical, neurological, or psychiatric conditions other than AD |
| Patients with autosomal dominant AD, if the mutation is associated with high prevalence and burden of CAA | |
| Patients with AD due to Down syndrome | |
| MMSE score of 20–30, MoCA 13–30 or a corresponding score on tests indicating early ADa) | In cases where any of the following findings are present on brain MRI: |
| • More than 4 microhemorrhages (defined as 10mm or less at the greatest diameter) | |
| • A single macrohemorrhage >10 mm at greatest diameter | |
| • An area of superficial siderosis | |
| • Evidence of vasogenic edema | |
| • More than 2 lacunar infarcts or stroke involving a major vascular territory | |
| • Severe subcortical hyperintensities consistent with a Fazekas score of 3 | |
| • Evidence of CAA-ri | |
| • Other major intracranial pathology that may cause cognitive impairment | |
| Tau PET is not required, but can be used to estimate clinical benefit | MRI evidence of non-AD dementia |
| Other Alzheimer’s disease treatments approved in Korea (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine) can be used concurrently | If previously treated with an Aβ targeting therapy, must allow washout period of >5 half-lives; must demonstrate current biomarker evidence of Aβ plaques, and must not meet other clinical or MRI exclusion criteria |
| Patients may be on standard of care for other medical illnesses (see right column for precautions regarding anticoagulation) | Recent history (within 12 months) of stroke or TIA or any history of seizures |
| It is recommended that a caregiver be available to provide support during the donanemab treatment period | Mental illness (e.g. psychosis) that interferes with comprehension of the requirements, potential benefit, and potential harms of treatment and are considered by the physician to render the patient unable to comply with management requirements |
| Patients and caregivers should have a clear understanding of the requirements for donanemab treatment, as well as the associated benefits and risks | Major depression that will interfere with comprehension of the requirements, potential benefit, and potential harms of treatment; patients for whom disclosure of a positive biomarker may trigger suicidal ideation. Patients with less severe depression or whose depression resolves may be treatment candidates |
| In case of immune diseases (e.g. lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease) or when receiving systemic immunosuppressants, immunoglobulins, or monoclonal antibody treatments | |
| Sensitivity or contraindication to amyloid imaging ligands if amyloid PET is required for confirmation of AD | |
| Patients with a bleeding disorder that is not under adequate control (including a platelet count <50,000 or INR >1.5 for participants who are not on anticoagulant) | |
| Patients taking anticoagulants (such as warfarin, heparin, dabigatran, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and other new oral anticoagulants). | |
| For patients currently receiving donanemab, the administration of tPA, heparin, or anticoagulants should be determined by weighing the benefits and risks associated with their use | |
| Unstable medical conditions that may affect or be affected by donanemab therapy |
Source: modified from Rabinovici GD et al. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2025;12:100150 under the Creative Commons license [17].
MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; PET, positron emission tomography; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CAA, cerebral amyloid angiopathy; MMSE, mini-mental status examination; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; CAA-ri, CAA-related inflammation; TIA, transient ischemic attacks; INR, international normalized ratio; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator.
Source: modified from Rabinovici GD et al. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2025;12:100150 under the Creative Commons license [17].
ARIA-E, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities edema/effusion; ARIA-H, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities
Source: modified from Park KH et al. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2024;23:165–187 under the Creative Commons license [14]. Modified from Rabinovici GD et al. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2025;12:100150 under the Creative Commons license [17]. Additional data were derived from References [16, 17, 44–46,50,58,61,64].
MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ARIA-E, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities edema/effusion; ARIA-H, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography.
Medications and new therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis: a narrative review2025 July;68(7)

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