1. Gloviczki P, Comerota AJ, Dalsing MC, Eklof BG, Gillespie DL, Gloviczki ML, Lohr JM, McLafferty RB, Meissner MH, Murad MH, Padberg FT, Pappas PJ, Passman MA, Raffetto JD, Vasquez MA, Wakefield TW; American Venous Forum; Society for Vascular Surgery. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. J Vasc Surg 2011;53(5 Suppl):2S-48S.
2. Royle J, Somjen GM. Varicose veins: Hippocrates to Jerry Moore. ANZ J Surg 2007;77:1120-1127.
3. van den Bremer J, Moll FL. Historical overview of varicose vein surgery. Ann Vasc Surg 2010;24:426-432.
5. Belcaro G, Dugall M, Luzzi R, Ippolito E, Cesarone MR. Postpartum varicose veins: supplementation with pycnogenol or elastic compression- a 12-month follow-up. Int J Angiol 2017;26:12-19.
6. Beebe-Dimmer JL, Pfeifer JR, Engle JS, Schottenfeld D. The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Ann Epidemiol 2005;15:175-184.
7. Lee AJ, Robertson LA, Boghossian SM, Allan PL, Ruckley CV, Fowkes FG, Evans CJ. Progression of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in the general population in the Edinburgh Vein Study. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2015;3:18-26.
8. Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schonbein GW, Smith PD, Nicolaides AN, Boisseau MR, Eklof B. Chronic venous disease. N Engl J Med 2006;355:488-498.
9. Lal BK, Toursavadkohi S. Vascular laboratory: venous physiologic assessment. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, editor. Rutherford’s vascular surgery and endovascular therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 238-245.
10. Kahn SR, Comerota AJ, Cushman M, Evans NS, Ginsberg JS, Goldenberg NA, Gupta DK, Prandoni P, Vedantham S, Walsh ME, Weitz JI; American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. The postthrombotic syndrome: evidence-based prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014;130:1636-1661.
11. Anwar MA, Georgiadis KA, Shalhoub J, Lim CS, Gohel MS, Davies AH. A review of familial, genetic, and congenital aspects of primary varicose vein disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2012;5:460-466.
12. Piazza G. Varicose veins. Circulation 2014;130:582-587.
13. Langer RD, Ho E, Denenberg JO, Fronek A, Allison M, Criqui MH. Relationships between symptoms and venous disease: the San Diego population study. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1420-1424.
15. Marsden G, Perry M, Kelley K, Davies AH; Guideline Development Group. Diagnosis and management of varicose veins in the legs: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2013;347:f4279.
16. Lurie F, Passman M, Meisner M, Dalsing M, Masuda E, Welch H, Bush RL, Blebea J, Carpentier PH, De Maeseneer M, Gasparis A, Labropoulos N, Marston WA, Rafetto J, Santiago F, Shortell C, Uhl JF, Urbanek T, van Rij A, Eklof B, Gloviczki P, Kistner R, Lawrence P, Moneta G, Padberg F, Perrin M, Wakefield T. The 2020 update of the CEAP classification system and reporting standards. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020;8:342-352.
17. O’Donnell TF Jr, Passman MA. Clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) and the American Venous Forum (AVF): management of venous leg ulcers. Introduction. J Vasc Surg 2014;60(2 Suppl):1S-2S.
18. Wittens C, Davies AH, Bækgaard N, Broholm R, Cavezzi A, Chastanet S, de Wolf M, Eggen C, Giannoukas A, Gohel M, Kakkos S, Lawson J, Noppeney T, Onida S, Pittaluga P, Thomis S, Toonder I, Vuylsteke M; Esvs Guidelines Committee, Kolh P, de Borst GJ, Chakfe N, Debus S, Hinchliffe R, Koncar I, Lindholt J, de Ceniga MV, Vermassen F, Verzini F; Document Reviewers, De Maeseneer MG, Blomgren L, Hartung O, Kalodiki E, Korten E, Lugli M, Naylor R, Nicolini P, Rosales A. Editor’s choice - management of chronic venous disease: clinical practice guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015;49:678-737.
19. Labropoulos N, Tiongson J, Pryor L, Tassiopoulos AK, Kang SS, Ashraf Mansour M, Baker WH. Definition of venous reflux in lower-extremity veins. J Vasc Surg 2003;38:793-798.
20. Dawson DL, Ronningen E. Vascular laboratory: venous duplex scanning. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, editor. Rutherford’s vascular surgery and endovascular therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 246-264.
21. Martinez-Zapata MJ, Vernooij RW, Simancas-Racines D, Uriona Tuma SM, Stein AT, Moreno Carriles RMM, Vargas E, Bonfill Cosp X. Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;(11):CD003229.
22. Barwell JR, Davies CE, Deacon J, Harvey K, Minor J, Sassano A, Taylor M, Usher J, Wakely C, Earnshaw JJ, Heather BP, Mitchell DC, Whyman MR, Poskitt KR. Comparison of surgery and compression with compression alone in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:1854-1859.
23. Iafrati MD, O’Donnell TF Jr. Varicose veins: surgical treatment. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, editor. Rutherford’s vascular surgery and endovascular therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 2020-2035.
24. Darwood RJ, Theivacumar N, Dellagrammaticas D, Mavor AI, Gough MJ. Randomized clinical trial comparing endovenous laser ablation with surgery for the treatment of primary great saphenous varicose veins. Br J Surg 2008;95:294-301.
25. Arslan U, Calık E, Tort M, Yıldız Z, Tekin AI, Limandal HK, Kaygın MA, Dag O, Erkut B. More successful results with less energy in endovenous laser ablation treatment: long-term comparison of bare-tip fiber 980 nm laser and radial-tip fiber 1470 nm laser application. Ann Vasc Surg 2017;45:166-172.
26. Sadek M, Kabnick LS. Varicose veins: endovenous ablation and sclerotherapy. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, editor. Rutherford’s vascular surgery and endovascular therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 2036-2048.
27. Malskat WS, Engels LK, Hollestein LM, Nijsten T, van den Bos RR. Commonly used endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) parameters do not influence efficacy: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019;58:230-242.
28. Lurie F, Creton D, Eklof B, Kabnick LS, Kistner RL, Pichot O, Sessa C, Schuller-Petrovic S. Prospective randomised study of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration (closure) versus ligation and vein stripping (EVOLVeS): two-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;29:67-73.
32. Witte ME, Zeebregts CJ, de Borst GJ, Reijnen MM, Boersma D. Mechanochemical endovenous ablation of saphenous veins using the ClariVein: a systematic review. Phlebology 2017;32:649-657.
33. Almeida JI, Javier JJ, Mackay E, Bautista C, Proebstle TM. First human use of cyanoacrylate adhesive for treatment of saphenous vein incompetence. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2013;1:174-180.
34. Eroglu E, Yasim A. A randomised clinical trial comparing n-butyl cyanoacrylate, radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser ablation for the treatment of superficial venous incompetence: two year follow up results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018;56:553-560.
35. Park I, Jeong MH, Park CJ, Park WI, Park DW, Joh JH. Clinical features and management of “Phlebitis-like abnormal reaction” after cyanoacrylate closure for the treatment of incompetent saphenous veins. Ann Vasc Surg 2019;55:239-245.
36. Proebstle T, Alm J, Dimitri S, Rasmussen L, Whiteley M, Lawson J, Davies AH. Three-year follow-up results of the prospective European Multicenter Cohort Study on Cyanoacrylate Embolization for treatment of refluxing great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020;Jun. 26. [Epub].
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.019
37. Kursat Bozkurt A, Lawaetz M, Danielsson G, Lazaris AM, Pavlovic M, Olariu S, Rasmussen L. European College of Phlebology guideline for truncal ablation. Phlebology 2020;35:73-83.