1. Hamdan A. Management of varicose veins and venous insufficiency. JAMA 2012;308:2612–2621.
4. O’Donnell TF, Eaddy M, Raju A, Boswell K, Wright D. Assessment of thrombotic adverse events and treatment patterns associated with varicose vein treatment. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2015;3:27–34.
5. Piazza G. Varicose veins. Circulation 2014;130:582–587.
7. Joh JH, Park HC, Kim WS, Jung IM, Park KH, Yun WS, Lee T. The clinical outcomes of endovenous radiofrequency ablation of varicose veins: results from the Korean radiofrequency ablation registry. Korean J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013;29:91–97.
8. Suh SE, Cho BS, Lee MK, Park SH, Choi YJ, Kim CN, Kang YJ, Park JS. The evaluation of the saphenofemoral junction after endovenous laser treatment for varicose veins and its clinical significance. J Korean Soc Vasc Surg 2009;25:35–39.
9. Ko H, Min S, Ahn S, Han A, Kim J, Min SK. Stump length changes after endovenous cyanoacrylate closure or radiofrequency ablation for saphenous vein incompetence. Vasc Specialist Int 2021;37:14–21.
11. Gloviczki P, Comerota AJ, Dalsing MC, Eklof BG, Gillespie DL, Gloviczki ML, Lohr JM, McLafferty RB, Meissner MH, Murad MH, Padberg FT, Pappas PJ, Passman MA, Raffetto JD, Vasquez MA, Wakefield TW; Society for Vascular Surgery; American Venous Forum. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic venous diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. J Vasc Surg 2011;53((5 Suppl):2S–48S.
12. Harlander-Locke M, Lawrence P, Jimenez JC, Rigberg D, DeRubertis B, Gelabert H. Combined treatment with compression therapy and ablation of incompetent superficial and perforating veins reduces ulcer recurrence in patients with CEAP 5 venous disease. J Vasc Surg 2012;55:446–450.
13. Marston WA. Evaluation of varicose veins: what do the clinical signs and symptoms reveal about the underlying disease and need for intervention? Semin Vasc Surg 2010;23:78–84.
14. Li X, Feng Y, Liu Y, Zhang F. Varicose veins of the lower extremity secondary to tricuspid regurgitation. Ann Vasc Surg 2019;60:477.e1–477.e6.
16. Karathanos Ch, Sfyroeras G, Drakou A, Roussas N, Exarchou M, Kyriakou D, Giannoukas AD. Superficial vein thrombosis in patients with varicose veins: role of thrombophilia factors, age and body mass. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012;43:355–358.
18. Coleridge-Smith P, Lok C, Ramelet AA. Venous leg ulcer: a meta-analysis of adjunctive therapy with micronized purified flavonoid fraction. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;30:198–208.
19. Falanga V, Fujitani RM, Diaz C, Hunter G, Jorizzo J, Lawrence PF, Lee BY, Menzoian JO, Tretbar LL, Holloway GA, Hoballah J, Seabrook GR, McMillan DE, Wolf W. Systemic treatment of venous leg ulcers with high doses of pentoxifylline: efficacy in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Wound Repair Regen 1999;7:208–213.
20. Wittens C, Davies AH, Bækgaard N, Broholm R, Cavezzi A, Chastanet S, de Wolf M, Eggen C, Giannoukas A, Gohel M, Kakkos S, Lawson J, Noppeney T, Onida S, Pittaluga P, Thomis S, Toonder I, Vuylsteke M; Esvs Guidelines Committee, Kolh P, de Borst GJ, Chakfe N, Debus S, Hinchliffe R, Koncar I, Lindholt J, de Ceniga MV, Vermassen F, Verzini F; Document Reviewers, De Maeseneer MG, Blomgren L, Hartung O, Kalodiki E, Korten E, Lugli M, Naylor R, Nicolini P, Rosales A. Editor’s choice - management of chronic venous disease: clinical practice guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015;49:678–737.
21. Lal BK, Toursavadkohi S. Vascular laboratory: venous physiologic assessment. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, editor. Rutherford’s vascular surgery and endovascular therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 238–245.
22. Raju S, Hollis K, Neglen P. Use of compression stockings in chronic venous disease: patient compliance and efficacy. Ann Vasc Surg 2007;21:790–795.
23. Eroglu E, Yasim A. A randomised clinical trial comparing N-butyl cyanoacrylate, radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser ablation for the treatment of superficial venous incompetence: two year follow up results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018;56:553–560.
24. Lam YL, Alozai T, Schreve MA, de Smet AAEA, Vahl AC, Nagtzaam I, Lawson JA, Nieman FHM, Wittens CHA. A multicenter, randomized, dose-finding study of mechanochemical ablation using ClariVein and liquid polidocanol for great saphenous vein incompetence. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021;Nov. 12. [Epub].
https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.10.016
25. Park I, Jeong MH, Park CJ, Park WI, Park DW, Joh JH. Clinical features and management of “Phlebitis-like abnormal reaction” after cyanoacrylate closure for the treatment of incompetent saphenous veins. Ann Vasc Surg 2019;55:239–245.
26. Iafrati MD, O’Donnell TF. Varicose veins: surgical treatment. In: Sidawy AN, Perler BA, editor. Rutherford’s vascular surgery and endovascular therapy. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 2020–2035.
27. Zollmann M, Zollmann C, Zollmann P, Veltman J, Cramer P, Stuecker M. Recurrence types 3 years after endovenous thermal ablation in insufficient saphenofemoral junctions. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021;9:137–145.
28. Whing J, Nandhra S, Nesbitt C, Stansby G. Interventions for great saphenous vein incompetence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021;8:CD005624.