1. Naoum JJ, Hunter GC. Pathogenesis of varicose veins and implications for clinical management. Vascular 2007;15:242–249.
2. Goldman MP, Fronek A. Anatomy and pathophysiology of varicose veins. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:138–145.
3. Suh BY. Varicose veins in the legs. J Korean Soc Phlebol 2002;1:3–8.
4. Lim CS, Davies AH. Pathogenesis of primary varicose veins. Br J Surg 2009;96:1231–1242.
5. Caggiati A, Rosi C, Heyn R, Franceschini M, Acconcia MC. Age-related variations of varicose veins anatomy. J Vasc Surg 2006;44:1291–1295.
6. Dodd H. The varicose tributaries of the popliteal vein. Br J Surg 1965;52:350–354.
7. Perkins JM. Standard varicose vein surgery. Phlebology 2009;24:Suppl 1. 34–41.
8. Teruya TH, Ballard JL. New approaches for the treatment of varicose veins. Surg Clin North Am 2004;84:1397–1417.
9. Jones RH, Carek PJ. Management of varicose veins. Am Fam Physician 2008;78:1289–1294.
10. Hirsch SA, Dillavou E. Options in the management of varicose veins, 2008. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2008;49:19–26.
11. Kouri B. Current evaluation and treatment of lower extremity varicose veins. Am J Med 2009;122:513–515.
12. Leopardi D, Hoggan BL, Fitridge RA, Woodruff PW, Maddern GJ. Systematic review of treatments for varicose veins. Ann Vasc Surg 2009;23:264–276.
13. van den Bremer J, Moll FL. Historical overview of varicose vein surgery. Ann Vasc Surg 2010;24:426–432.
14. Sam RC, Silverman SH, Bradbury AW. Nerve injuries and varicose vein surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2004;27:113–120.
15. Beale RJ, Gough MJ. Treatment options for primary varicose veins: a review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;30:83–95.
16. Sadick NS. Advances in the treatment of varicose veins: ambulatory phlebectomy, foam sclerotherapy, endovascular laser, and radiofrequency closure. Adv Dermatol 2006;22:139–156.
17. Tremblay J, Lewis EW, Allen PT. Selecting a treatment for primary varicose veins. Can Med Assoc J 1985;133:20–25.
18. de Groot WP. Treatment of varicose veins: modern concepts and methods. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:191–198.
19. Jia X, Mowatt G, Burr JM, Cassar K, Cook J, Fraser C. Systematic review of foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Br J Surg 2007;94:925–936.
20. Nootheti PK, Cadag KM, Goldman MP. Review of intravascular approaches to the treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg 2007;33:1149–1157.
21. Hoggan BL, Cameron AL, Maddern GJ. Systematic review of endovenous laser therapy versus surgery for the treatment of saphenous varicose veins. Ann Vasc Surg 2009;23:277–287.