1. Beekman AT, Copeland JR, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. Br J Psychiatry 1999;174:307-311.
2. Brender R, Mulsant BH, Blumberger DM. An update on antidepressant pharmacotherapy in late-life depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021;22:1909-1917.
3. Beyer JL, Johnson KG. Advances in pharmacotherapy of late-life depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018;20:34.
5. Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, Costafreda SG, Huntley J, Ames D, Ballard C, Banerjee S, Burns A, CohenMansfield J, Cooper C, Fox N, Gitlin LN, Howard R, Kales HC, Larson EB, Ritchie K, Rockwood K, Sampson EL, Samus Q, Schneider LS, Selbæk G, Teri L, Mukadam N. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 2017;390:2673-2734.
6. Tsoh J, Chiu HF, Duberstein PR, Chan SS, Chi I, Yip PS, Conwell Y. Attempted suicide in elderly Chinese persons: a multi-group, controlled study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005;13:562-571.
7. Nelson JC, Delucchi KL, Schneider LS. Moderators of outcome in late-life depression: a patient-level meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2013;170:651-659.
8. Kok RM, Reynolds CF 3rd. Management of depression in older adults: a review. JAMA 2017;317:2114-2122.
9. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Phillips ML. Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet 2012;379:1045-1055.
10. Otte C, Gold SM, Penninx BW, Pariante CM, Etkin A, Fava M, Mohr DC, Schatzberg AF. Major depressive disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016;2:16065.
11. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2013. 5th.
13. Masse-Sibille C, Djamila B, Julie G, Emmanuel H, Pierre V, Gilles C. Predictors of response and remission to antidepressants in geriatric depression: a systematic review. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2018;31:283-302.
15. Kok RM, Nolen WA, Heeren TJ. Efficacy of treatment in older depressed patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials with antidepressants. J Affect Disord 2012;141:103-115.
16. Walsh BT, Seidman SN, Sysko R, Gould M. Placebo response in studies of major depression: variable, substantial, and growing. JAMA 2002;287:1840-1847.
17. Papakostas GI, Fava M. Does the probability of receiving placebo influence clinical trial outcome? A meta-regression of double-blind, randomized clinical trials in MDD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;19:34-40.
18. Rajji TK, Mulsant BH, Lotrich FE, Lokker C, Reynolds CF 3rd. Use of antidepressants in late-life depression. Drugs Aging 2008;25:841-853.
19. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, Anderson IM, Christmas D, Cowen PJ, Dickens C, Ferrier IN, Geddes J, Gilbody S, Haddad PM, Katona C, Lewis G, Malizia A, McAllister-Williams RH, Ramchandani P, Scott J, Taylor D, Uher R; Members of the Consensus Meeting. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol 2015;29:459-525.
20. Seitz DP, Gill SS, Conn DK. Citalopram versus other antidepressants for late-life depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010;25:1296-1305.
21. Mottram P, Wilson K, Strobl J. Antidepressants for depressed elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(1):CD003491.
22. Yoon JH, Park SJ. Review of antidepressants treatment in late-life depression. J Korean Geriatr Psychiatry 2013;17:8-13.
23. Wiese B. Geriatric depression: the use of antidepressants in the elderly. BCMJ 2011;53:341-347.
24. MacQueen GM, Frey BN, Ismail Z, Jaworska N, Steiner M, Lieshout RJ, Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Milev RV, Parikh SV, Ravindran AV; CANMAT Depression Work Group. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 6. special populations: youth, women, and the elderly. Can J Psychiatry 2016;61:588-603.
25. Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Brookhart MA, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Patrick AR, Avorn J. Suboptimal antidepressant use in the elderly. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25:118-126.
26. Barry LC, Abou JJ, Simen AA, Gill TM. Under-treatment of depression in older persons. J Affect Disord 2012;136:789-796.
27. Sackeim HA, Roose SP, Burt T. Optimal length of antidepressant trials in late-life depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25(4 Suppl 1):S34-S37.
28. Mulsant BH, Houck PR, Gildengers AG, Andreescu C, Dew MA, Pollock BG, Miller MD, Stack JA, Mazumdar S, Reynolds CF 3rd. What is the optimal duration of a shortterm antidepressant trial when treating geriatric depression?. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:113-120.
30. Wilkinson P, Izmeth Z. Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;9:CD006727.
31. Borges S, Chen YF, Laughren TP, Temple R, Patel HD, David PA, Mathis M, Unger E, Yang P, Khin NA. Review of maintenance trials for major depressive disorder: a 25-year perspective from the US Food and Drug Administration. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75:205-214.
32. Alexopoulos GS, Katz IR, Reynolds CF 3rd, Carpenter D, Docherty JP; Expert Consensus Panel for Pharmacotherapy of Depressive Disorders in Older Patients. The expert consensus guideline series. Pharmacotherapy of depressive disorders in older patients. Postgrad Med 2001;Spec No Pharmacotherapy:1-86.
33. Taylor WD. Clinical practice. Depression in the elderly. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1228-1236.
34. Bali V, Chatterjee S, Johnson ML, Chen H, Carnahan RM, Aparasu RR. Risk of mortality in elderly nursing home patients with depression using paroxetine. Pharmacotherapy 2017;37:287-296.
35. Bali V, Chatterjee S, Johnson ML, Chen H, Carnahan RM, Aparasu RR. Risk of cognitive decline associated with paroxetine use in elderly nursing home patients with depression. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2016;31:678-686.
36. Bali V, Chatterjee S, Carnahan RM, Chen H, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Risk of dementia among elderly nursing home patients using paroxetine and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Psychiatr Serv 2015;66:1333-1340.
37. Bose A, Li D, Gandhi C. Escitalopram in the acute treatment of depressed patients aged 60 years or older. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008;16:14-20.
38. Chen YM, Huang XM, Thompson R, Zhao YB. Clinical features and efficacy of escitalopram treatment for geriatric depression. J Int Med Res 2011;39:1946-1953.
39. Thorlund K, Druyts E, Wu P, Balijepalli C, Keohane D, Mills E. Comparative efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in older adults: a network meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015;63:1002-1009.
40. Kent JM. SNaRIs, NaSSAs, and NaRIs: new agents for the treatment of depression. Lancet 2000;355:911-918.
42. Raskin J, Wiltse CG, Siegal A, Sheikh J, Xu J, Dinkel JJ, Rotz BT, Mohs RC. Efficacy of duloxetine on cognition, depression, and pain in elderly patients with major depressive disorder: an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:900-909.
43. Benjamin S, Doraiswamy PM. Review of the use of mirtazapine in the treatment of depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011;12:1623-1632.
44. Duncan NA, Clifford KM, Shvarts OM. Mirtazapineassociated hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. Consult Pharm 2015;30:657-663.
45. Watanabe N, Omori IM, Nakagawa A, Cipriani A, Barbui C, Churchill R, Furukawa TA. Mirtazapine versus other antidepressive agents for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;CD006528.
46. McIntyre RS, Xiao HX, Syeda K, Vinberg M, Carvalho AF, Mansur RB, Maruschak N, Cha DS. The prevalence, measurement, and treatment of the cognitive dimension/domain in major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs 2015;29:577-589.
47. Nomikos GG, Tomori D, Zhong W, Affinito J, Palo W. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of vortioxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder in patients aged 55 years or older. CNS Spectr 2017;22:348-362.